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Adam Hodgson, Letters from North America, Vol

The majority are older white males of higher socioeconomic status, not youth

Smoking-driven gut microbiota destabilization exacerbates Crohns pathogenesis and activates colorectal oncogenic cascades Recent findings have highlighted that cigarette smoking disrupts gut microbial ecosystems, weakens intestinal barrier integrity, and triggers dysbiosis-driven inflammation

Asthma Asthma is a serious and sometimes life-threatening chronic disease that affects the health and quality of life of 25 million Americans, including seven million children

E cigarette vapour contains ultrafine particles and other substances, which can reach into the lungs and may have different health implications compared to traditional cigarette smoke, though the consensus from public health bodies like Public Health England and Cancer Research UK are that E-Cigarettes are at least 95% less harmful than smoking