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In total, approximately 1,200 Africans were enslaved on these four voyages, [39] and an estimated three times as many Africans were killed (based on the contemporaneous accounts of slavers)

Recent developments reflect this strategic repositioning, including sustained investment by global tobacco companies in non-combustible nicotine platforms and portfolio expansion across oral products

Peer review Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Leon Barmuta, who co-reviewed with Bridget Ellen White, and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work

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Reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke