does chewing tobacco really cause mouth cancer Oral Changes Associated with Use Mouth Cancer Awareness Month -

In: Wynder EL, Hoffmann D, editors

For instance, in a 2016 retrospective cohort study involving 6822 women in New Zealand, women with more than one risk factor (body mass index (BMI) and weight change outside recommendations, smoking, alcohol consumption or physical activity below recommendations) had higher odds of: caesarean birth (OR = 2.03 for two risk factors and OR = 2.86 for three risk factors), pre-term birth (OR = 2.87 with two or three risk factors), a small for gestational age infant (OR = 2.39 for two risk factors and OR = 6.24 for three risk factors), and a low birth weight infant (OR = 2.24 for two risk factors and OR = 3.86 for three risk factors), compared to women with no risk factors [3]

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Proposals for a Smokefree Aotearoa 2025 Action Plan: Discussion Document (Ministry of Health, 2021)