In addition to the well-established long- and short-term health benefits of quitting smoking, quitting is also linked with lower levels of anxiety, depression, and stress, as well as improved positive mood and quality of life compared with continuing to smoke, according to a 2014 meta-analysis of 26 studies about smoking and mental health published in the British Medical Journal
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It suggests that each year of smoking adds approximately 23 years to the risk advancement period, meaning that former smokers need a longer duration of abstinence than their smoking history to fully mitigate their increased risk ( 42 )
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Likewise, studies in health psychology have documented substantial intention-behaviour gaps with respect to behaviour change, such as increasing levels of exercise