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During the transport process from the intestinal lumen to portal blood, the proportion of butyrate decreased significantly from 21% to 8%, with its concentration further declining sequentially from the portal vein (29 mol/L) to the hepatic vein (12 mol/L) and finally to the peripheral vein (4 mol/L), demonstrating that butyrate uptake was most substantial in the colon, followed by the liver, and then further absorbed in peripheral tissues [1]

While the individual benefits are widely recognized, combining L-carnitine with vitamin C offers intriguing possibilitiesparticularly in terms of energy metabolism and antioxidant protection

Mechanistically, TMAO inhibits megalin expression via PI3K/ERK, reducing albumin uptake and promoting tubular cell dysfunction, which triggers tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis (Kapetanaki et al., 2022)

Further, neuroinflammation can induce the increased expression and activity of NADPH oxidase, leading to a highly oxidative environment

Metabolite-dependent resistance to ferroptosis relies on the FSP1/CoQ10/NADPH system