Bacterial translocation, which occurs via transcellular transport across the intestinal epithelium, is distinct from intestinal permeability and has been observed in both RA and SpA
In our study, IFN--activated macrophages suppressed HBV replication in hepatocytes by decreasing HBV RNA, DNA, and cccDNA levels via induction of ISGs such as APOBEC3G, ISG15, and OAS1
In comparisons between tirzepatide and semaglutide, when HbA 1c was measured in mmol/mol, all tirzepatide doses were comparable with semaglutide 2.0 mg and superior to semaglutide 1.0 mg and 0.5 mg (ESM Table 6)
If side effects persist or significantly impact quality of life, patients should consult their prescribing clinician, who may adjust the dose or timing of administration
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