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Abbreviations TC: Tart cherry NF- B: Nuclear factor kappa B TNF-: Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha IL-2: Interleukin-2 IL-6: Interleukin-6 CVD: Cardiovascular diseases ROS: Reactive oxygen species PRDX2: Peroxiredoxin 2 TLRs: Toll like receptors LPS: Lipopolysaccharide IL-1: Interleukin-1 beta COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2 MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase AP-1: Activator protein 1 LOX: Lipoxygenase iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase GPx: Glutathione peroxidase SOD: Superoxide dismutase CAT: Catalase HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1 GSH: Glutathione AhR: Aromatic hydrocarbon receptor CAR: -carotene BCO1: Beta-carotene oxygenase 1 RAR: Retinoic acid receptor RXR: Retinoid X receptor PPARs: Peroxisome proliferator-actived receptors Nrf2: Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 CAT: Catalase SOD: Superoxide dismutase EA: Ellagic acid Bcl-2: B cell lymphoma-2 CGA: Chlorogenic acid IL-8: Interleukin-8 C3GR: Cyanidin-3-glucosyl-rutinoside C3R: Cyanidin-3-rutinoside H3K4me3: tri-methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 LSD-1: Lysine-specific demethylase-1 C3Gal: Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside CBE: Chokeberry extract PA: Palmitic acid MetS: Metabolic syndrome AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor PCA: Protocatechuic acid TCJC: Tart cherry juice concentrate RNS: Reactive nitrogen species PM: Particulate matter ER: Endoplasmic reticulum TET: Ten-eleven translocation CDKN1A: Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1 A MLH1: MutL homolog 1 BRCA1: Breast Cancer Gene 1 RASSF1A: Ras association domain family 1 isoform A HATs: Histone acetyltransferases HDACs: Histone deacetylases TCA: Tricarboxylic acid PPP: Pentose phosphate pathway miRNAs: microRNAs CARM1: Coactivator-Associated Arginine Methyltransferase 1 EZH2: Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 PRMT5: Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 MEP50: Methylosome protein 50 H3K27me3: trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 H4R3me2s: Histone H4 dimethyl Arg3 symmetric H3R17: Histone H3 methylated at arginine 17 IDH1/2: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 TET: Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid TMAO: Trimethylamine N-Oxide DNMT: DNA methyltransferase CPT1-: Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1alpha ACOX-1: Acyl-CoA Oxidase 1 NO: Nitric oxide eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase ARE: Antioxidant response element NLRP3: Nod-like Receptor Protein 3 ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme IC50: Half-maximal inhibitory concentration HepG2: Hepatoblastoma cell line MCF-7: Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 MDA-MB-231: Breast cancer cell lines SAH: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine MMP-2: Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 MMP-9: Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 TGF-1: Transforming growth factor 1 Smad7: Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 PDAC: Pancreatic cancer TFR1: Transferrin receptor 1 HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor DU145: Prostatic carcinoma cell line A549: Lung carcinoma epithelial cells GLUT4: Glucose Transporter 4 GI: Gastrointestinal SIRT1: Silent information regulator sirtuin 1 PCT: Parallel controlled trial RCT: Randomized controlled trial CRP: C-reactive protein BP: Blood pressure LDL: Low-density lipoprotein ADA: Adenosine deaminase MTCJ: Montmorency tart cherry juice PLA: Placebo MetS: Metabolic Syndrome HDL: High-density lipoprotein HG: High glucose C3G: Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside ALD: Alcoholic liver disease CYP2E1: Cytochrome P450 2E1 Usp30: Ubiquitin-specific protease 30 References Coussens LM, Werb Z
L-Carnitine dosage The usual dose ranges from 500 to 2000 mg daily depending on the medical goal and health condition, and the dose must be precisely determined by a specialist physician
Rarely, individuals may experience more severe reactions, such as anaphylaxis, which requires immediate medical attention
Dose Requirements and Consistency: Because of first-pass metabolism and enzymatic breakdown, oral forms may require higher nominal dosing or specialized carriers to approach comparable exposure to injectables
