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What the Science Says: Real Results or Marketing Hype

By improving glucose processing, many patients report increased energy levels, fewer fluctuations in concentration, and improved mood stability

These limited reports suggest good tolerability, though the small sample sizes, lack of standardized safety monitoring, and retrospective or uncontrolled study designs limit definitive safety conclusions

Several neuroimaging and postmortem studies have shown a loss of neuronal and glial population in the cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex (PFC) (Figure 1) ( Figure 1 The role of epigenetics in depression is supported by studies reporting antidepressive effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors in rodent models of depression ( de novo synthesis of various synaptic proteins, including GluA1, -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) ( Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers present in presynaptic nerve terminals and are released into the synaptic cleft in response to the action potential ( 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has emerged as a powerful non-invasive method for the measurement of levels of neurometabolites including glutamate and GABA in the brain ( 13 C-MRS in conjunction with administration of 13 C-labeled respiratory substrates (glucose and acetate) allows analysis of the cell-specific metabolic activity in animals as well as in the human brain

Cobley J