Retraining hunger and fullness cues is a cornerstone of treatment for many eating disorders
Higher insulin sensitivity allows for fat to be used as fuel rather than stored as unwanted weight gain, making it much easier to stick to a healthy diet and lifestyle
Multiple electronic databases were systematically searched, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, covering publications from January 2020 to April 2025
Summary Clinical Presentation Symmetrical, velvety, hyperpigmented plaques on the hair-bearing surface of the vulva and groins Histologic Features Papillomatosis and hyperkeratosis but with very mild acanthosis No melanocytic proliferation and no dermal inflammation Differential Diagnosis Lichenified eczema Physiologic hyperpigmentation Takeaway Essentials Clinical Relevant Pearls Symmetrical hyperpigmentation with brown, poorly demarcated, thickened velvet-textured plaques with verrucous excrescences Pathology Interpretation Pearls Papillomatous hyperplasia without acanthosis Hypopigmentation Post-inflammatory Hypopigmentation Clinical Features Cutaneous infections (e.g., syphilis, leprosy, herpes) and many inflammatory conditions (atopic dermatitis, pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC), psoriasis, lichen striatus, and lichen sclerosus) can induce post-inflammatory hypopigmentation [25] (Figs
[17] The ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione within cells is a measure of cellular oxidative stress [18] [11] where increased GSSG-to-GSH ratio is indicative of greater oxidative stress
