These effects lead to the phosphorylation of L-type calcium channels (LTCC), troponin I (TnI), and phospholamban (PLB), thereby enhancing calcium regulation and cardiac output ( 4.5 NAFLD and CKD Hyperglucagonemia, characterized by elevated plasma glucagon levels, is a well-known feature of various metabolic disorders, including NAFLD and CKD ( 4.5.1 Glucagon in NAFLD Under physiological conditions, glucagon promotes hepatic glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation, while inhibiting de novo lipogenesis through receptor-mediated signaling ( 4.5.2 Glucagon in CKD Glucagon contributes to renal physiology by regulating potassium homeostasis across nephron segments, a function that becomes increasingly relevant in the context of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) ( 5 Discussion Glucagon is now recognized as a systemic hormone implicated in a broad range of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases
All continuous variables were checked for normality using the Levenes test
L- L-
Next, FGF21 reconstitution was conducted by injecting recombinant murine FGF21 (0.05 mg/kg) in HFD-fed FGF21 Alb-KO mice at 48, 60 and 72 h post-G49 injections
Mitochondrial dysfunction in HD includes impaired electron transport chain activity, reduced mitochondrial biogenesis, and defective mitophagy, all of which contribute to increased oxidative stress and neuronal damage [165]
