Animal LD50 studies showed toxic levels around 320 mg/kg body weight, translating to approximately 22,400 mg for a 70 kg human
Bile Salts Produced from cholesterol in the liver, combined with amino acids, primarily glycine and taurine
Oxidative stress can influence drug protein-adduct formation by multiple mechanisms, including induction of conformational alterations or oxidative modifications that can either increase or blunt the reactivity of the modified residues towards the drug, as we have recently reviewed (Gonzlez-Morena et al., 2016)
For instance, a longitudinal study in stroke patients revealed that gut microbiota dysbiosis (e.g., reduced Roseburia levels) at admission independently predicted the risk of subsequent stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP)
For a deep dive into stability, solubility, and dosing differences between all BPC-157 forms, see our BPC-157 acetate vs arginine salt vs BPC-159 comparison