Long-term use is likely to lead to ketoacidosis, secondary failure, chronic liver and kidney damage and gastrointestinal indigestion, so it is urgent to find more suitable and safe hypoglycemic drugs
GLP-1 directly regulates insulin secretion, while GLP-1 RAs have the potential to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis by attenuating inflammatory pathways such as NF-B and the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, thereby mitigating IR [40]
Very high doses of L-carnitine can cause undesirable side effects such as diarrhea or headaches
50 No topical forskolin currently exists for human use, likely due to formulation challenges, though some studies have explored nano-emulsions as effective carriers for topical administration
These findings highlight OS and inflammation as both a cause and consequence of IR, creating a cycle that can be interrupted by targeted antioxidant approaches and/or lifestyle interventions that enhance endogenous antioxidant capacity (see Figure 3)