glp-1 gip mechanism of action Receptor Agonists Gastrointestinal Incretins—Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)

Dhillon S, et al

doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.281 112 ZhangXBOhtaY

doi:10.1580/1080-6032(1997)008[0111:ROEBAG]2.3.CO;2

While its precise etiology remains unclear, growing evidence implicates oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction as key contributors to its pathophysiology ( Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, leading to cellular damage, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammationall of which may exacerbate pain sensitization and fatigue in FM ( Mitochondrial dysfunction in Redox imbalance is marked by decreased CoQ10 levels, reduced mitochondrial DNA content, and impaired electron transport chain activity, leading to excessive ROS production and decreased ATP synthesis

For example, in breast cancer, KCNMA1, KCNJ3, KCNN4, and KCNK9 are associated with estrogen receptor expression and lymph node and brain metastases