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Those with confirmed deficiency may require parenteral (injectable) B12, as oral supplementation may be inadequate

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Ismail Kimji, MD, FRCPC

Nutrition (approx.): 190 calories | 8g protein | 12g fat | 14g carbs 10

Although direct evidence on the impact of specific probiotics on DS symptoms is still limited and requires further research, modulation of the microbiota through probiotics (supplements with specific strains) or fermented foods (live-culture yoghurt, kefir, and sauerkraut) could theoretically have a positive influence on microbial composition, gut motility, low-grade inflammation, and hormonal response in some patients [86,87]