s.e.m., standard error of the mean
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Vegans and Vegetarians: B12 is found almost exclusively in animal products, so those on plant-based diets must use fortified foods or supplements Older Adults: reduced stomach acid can decrease B12 absorption from food as we age People with Pernicious Anemia: this autoimmune condition prevents the body from making intrinsic factor, a protein needed for B12 absorption Individuals with Gastrointestinal Conditions: diseases like Crohn's or Celiac disease can impair nutrient absorption Patients Who Have Had Gastric Surgery: procedures like gastric bypass can reduce the body's ability to absorb B12 Certain Medications: drugs such as Metformin and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can interfere with B12 absorption Medically-Approved vs

After a 195-day authorization lapse that froze more than $4 billion in annual small business innovation funding, the Small Business Innovation and Economic Security Act was signed into and is now reauthorized through September 30, 2031, and the reforms go beyond a simple extension