2.2 Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1/STAT3 pathway 2.2.1 Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1/STAT3 signaling in lung injury The mechanism of action of the Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1/STAT3 pathway in lung injury involves several key biological processes, including oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and cell survival
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Beyond antioxidant defense, it boosts white blood cell activity to strengthen immune function, helps build collagen in skin, joints, bones, and blood vessels, and speeds tissue repair and wound healing
Oral high-dose thiamine improves the symptoms of chronic cluster headache
Similarly, metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) (gold, silver, zinc oxide) are conjugated with phytoextracts like Aloe barbadensis , Leucas aspera , Pyrenacantha grandiflora , and Withania somnifera for wide therapeutic efficacy against microbial infections, ulcerative colitis, cancer, and oxidative stress by facilitating extended drug circulation, intercellular targeting, drug stabilization, and higher delivery [19, 20]