Depending on stimuli, microglia can adopt distinct phenotypes: the M1 pro-inflammatory state (induced by lipopolysaccharide and characterized by production of cytokines such as TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6) and the M2 anti-inflammatory state (induced by IL-4 or IL-13, promoting repair) [122, 123]
Hung J, Zhang S, Huang S (2024) Nitrate promotes the growth and the production of short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan from commensal anaerobe Veillonella dispar in the lactate-deficient environment by facilitating the catabolism of glutamate and aspartate
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.764994 169 MaXChenZWangLWangGWangZDongXet al
Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 21(2), 802813
If tolerated and under the supervision of your prescriber, your dose may be increased to 5mg weekly then after a further four weeks, it may be increased by another 2.5mg up to a maximum dose of 15 mg once weekly