Pigmented dark circles stem from melanin accumulation in periorbital skin from chronic sun exposure without adequate protection, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation from rubbing or allergies, genetic predisposition particularly in darker skin types, or hormonal influences affecting melanocyte activity
2.10 Molecular docking The molecular structures of small molecules were acquired from the PubChem database ( and the 3D crystal structures of the target proteins were acquired from the Protein Data Bank ( The water molecules and original ligands were eliminated from proteins with PyMOL, and the locations and dimensions of the binding pockets were determined with the GetBox Plugin
doi:10.1017/S0022215115000808
Versus biomimetic cosmetic peptides (matrixyl, argireline, acetyl hexapeptide): these peptides are protein fragments with targeted activity (calcium neurotransmission modulation for argireline, matrix stimulation for matrixyl)
BPC-157 Ultra Probiotic addresses this at multiple levels: delivering butyrate directly while also supporting the conditions for natural production.*1-3,6-9