To better understand biofilm development and persistence in chronic wounds, Figure 2 illustrates the stages of the biofilm life cycle, including adhesion, microcolony formation, maturation, and dispersion, as well as host immune responses such as neutrophil recruitment, M1/M2 macrophage polarization, and cytokine signaling (e.g., interleukin-1 beta [IL-1], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-], interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-8 [IL-8], interleukin-12 [IL-12]), which collectively contribute to immune evasion and chronic infection [40-43]
10.1016/j.ejca.2006.04.016 Eur
Among the more than 20 identified NLRs, NOD1 and NOD2 are the most extensively characterized (261, 265)
Patients may experience stomach upset, nausea, or changes in bowel habits that make it difficult to distinguish which medication is responsible, complicating dose adjustments and compliance
call 999 immediately if breathing is affected, as this may indicate anaphylaxis