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It typically responds well to gentle, targeted treatments

In a review of studies, researchers found that while vitamin B12 supplementation did not improve depressive symptoms, low vitamin B12 levels were linked to an increased risk of developing depression

Toxicon 2012;59:46471.ArticlePubMed 38

The lack of vitamin B12 may result from any of the following conditions: Addisonian (pernicious) anemia this condition causes autoantibody formation against parietal cells, which results in a lack of IF essential for absorption of vitamin B12 from the intestine Malabsorption impaired absorption of vitamin B12 Gastrointestinal pathology, dysfunction, or surgery these include atrophic gastritis, celiac disease, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, pancreatic insufficiency, Helicobacter pylori infection, gastric carcinoma, and total or partial gastrectomy Diphyllobothrium latum and related species (the fish tapeworm) infestation these parasites compete with vitamin B12 for intestinal absorption

Mechanistic study A series of experiments were conducted to probe the reaction mechanism