[19] As discussed above, even though various attempts have been made to find an efficient and economical method to prepare L-carnitine, conventional methods have various disadvantages and problems, such as great difficulty to achieve high yield and high optical purity, complicated production processes, and high production costs due to high-temperature and high-pressure reaction conditions, which consequently lead to a difficulty of practical application thereof
Most studies remain early-phase investigations, and many unanswered questions persist regarding dosing, patient selection, duration of therapy, and long-term neurological outcomes
Extrapolation to retinal benefits speculative
Typically, transferrin-bound iron predominates, but non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) can emerge in plasma during iron overload (Figure 1)
Loose vials are also available for experienced users who already have supplies