Methods In this review, the following keywords including carotenoid, astaxanthin, lycopene, -carotene, lutein, crocin, crocetin, hypertension, blood pressure, vasodilation, were used for search in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases
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Chronic fissures are less likely to heal with conservative measures Increase fluid and fiber ingestion Sitz baths mineral oil or stool softener Topical application of nitrates and calcium channel blockers (CCBS) Leads to sphincter relaxation, vasodilation, improved blood flow Nitrates 0.1%, 0.2%, or 0.4% glyceryl trinitrate ointment Side effects: headache (occurs in 30% of treated patients) CCBs (e.g., diltiazem, nifedipine) Similar efficacy to nitrates Better side effect profile than nitrates Topical treatment preferred over oral treatment Botulinum toxin Similar results compared to topical therapies MOA: inhibit ACh at neuromuscular junction Temporary paralysis of the anal sphincter 20 100 IU will usually result in relaxation of the anal sphincter for 3 months Side effects: increased urinary residual volume, heart block, skin irritation, allergic reactions Lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) Most effective therapy to heal anal fissures Sustained partial relaxation of internal anal sphincter, resulting in decreased anal sphincter tone Can be offered first-line for patients with chronic anal fissures and no fecal incontinence
Shi M, Zabetian CP, Hancock AM, Ginghina C, Hong Z, Yearout D, Chung KA, Quinn JF, Peskind ER, Galasko D, Jankovic J, Leverenz JB, Zhang J (2010) Significance and confounders of peripheral DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein in Parkinsons disease
We performed meta-regression to determine the association of treatment outcomes with patient characteristics and study design factors if significant heterogeneity was identified
Restored glutathione levels in Type 2 Diabetes ensure cells remain protected from ongoing internal damage
