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Mannose polysaccharide, derived from mangosteen, serves as an oxygen-heterocyclic ketone that can antagonize the accumulation of reactive oxygen species induced by glutamate by activating the AMPK/SIRT1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC 1) pathway (Zhu et al., 2019)

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doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.019

It has been shown that HSYA was able to significantly protect the liver from oxidative stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, upregulating the expression of PPAR- and MMP-2, and downregulating the expression of TGF-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), and reducing -SMA level, which indicating that PPAR-TGF-1 would be a signal pathways for HSYA to reduce liver fibrosis induced by oxidative stress (Wang et al., 2013)