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Dong, F

This guide explains how each one works, what the research data shows, why they are frequently combined, and how to choose between them based on your specific research goals

Abbreviations AC: Adenylate cyclase ATP: Denosine triphosphate BAT: Brown adipose tissue BCAAs: Branched-chain amino acids BCKA: Branched-chain keto acids BMI: Body mass index cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CNS: Central nervous system CREB: CAMP response element-binding DIO: Diet-induced obesity DPP- 4: Dipeptidyl peptidase- 4 EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor EPACs: Exchange proteins directly activated by Camp Foxo1: Nuclear transcription factor GIP: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide GIPRAb: GIP receptor antagonist antibody GPCRs: G-protein-coupled receptors GTP: Guanine triphosphate HbA1c: Glycated haemoglobin HSL: Hormone-sensitive lipase ICV: Intracerebroventricular IR: Insulin resistance LAGIPRA: Long-acting GIP receptor agonist MAPK: Mitogen activated protein kinase MASLD: Metabolically associated steatotic liver disease PI3 K-PKB/Akt: Phosphoinositide- 3-kinaseprotein kinase B/Akt PKA: Protein kinase A SUR1: Sulfonylurea receptor 1 T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus TORCs: Transducers of regulated CREB protein activity ZDF: Zucker diabetic fatty References Murray CJL, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, et al

Neuropsychopharmacology 37:1642

L-Carnitine is a naturally occurring nutrient found in foods like red meat, poultry, and dairy, and is also produced in the body