Chronic opioids suppress gastrointestinal motility, leading to constipation, bacterial overgrowth, and impaired nutrient absorption, especially calcium and vitamin D
Exp Opin Drug Saf 6:183190 Pozdnyakov DI, Khadzieva ZD, Pozdnyakova AE, Zagorskaya NS (2019) Antiallergical effect of new combined nazal aerodisperse system in the conditions of experimental allergic rhinitis
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Abbreviations ADA: American Diabetes Association Alb: Albumin ALT: Alanine aminotransferase AST: Aspartate aminotransferase AUC04: Area under the curve 04 h BW: Body weight CAMR: Chronic antibody-mediated rejection CAPD: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis CGN: Chronic glomerulonephritis CKD: Chronic kidney disease CNI: Calcineurin inhibitor Cr: Creatinine CyA: Cyclosporin A C0: Trough concentration DM: Diabetes mellitus eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate EVR: Everolimus -GTP: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase GLP-1 RA: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c HT: Hypertension HU: Hyperuricemia IgAN: IgA nephropathy MetS: Metabolic syndrome MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil MZR: Mizoribine PsV: Psoriasis vulgaris PSL: Prednisolone PTDM: Post-transplant diabetes mellitus RCTs: Randomized controlled trials RTx: Renal transplantation SGLT2: Sodiumglucose cotransporter TAC: Tacrolimus TG: Triglyceride TGF: Tubuloglomerular feedback UA: Uric acid UACR: Urine albumincreatinine ratio UPCR: Urine proteincreatinine ratio References Martin-Moreno PL, Shin HS, Chandraker A
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