In the body, thioctic acid activates a protein that binds to glutathione and works as an antioxidant
doi: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1551135 85 MitchellMDPeirisHNKobayashiMKohYQDuncombeGIllanesSEet al
Prolonged ER stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) contribute to macrophage apoptosis as substantiated by studies showing that apoptosis and the UPR effector, CHOP, increase with each stage of atherosclerosis in humans, but the largest increase is observed in the vulnerable plaque (175)
[5] Patients should be aware of important safety considerations, including the risk of pancreatitis (report severe persistent abdominal pain), gallbladder disease, potential worsening of diabetic retinopathy particularly with rapid HbA1c reduction, and increased hypoglycaemia risk when used with insulin or sulfonylureas
Glucagon receptor antagonist volagidemab in type 1 diabetes: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, phase 2 trial