As an example of such a multipronged approach, the Neotone formulation simultaneously targeting melanocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells with the combination of five actives (niacinamide, licorice extract, diacetylboldine, a DKK1 agonist, and an inhibitor of EDN-1 synthesis) was found to be as effective as hydroquinone 4% cream in the management of facial melasma, while inducing fewer side effects [214]
In redox chemistry, the reduced form of something is when it keeps its electrons and the oxidized form is when it shares them
Monitor closely if there is a history of diabetes, as blood sugar levels may be affected
During this process, glutathione transforms into glutathione disulfide, or oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and is regeneratedwith the help of an energy source like glucoseby the enzyme glutathione reductase (GR)
Apply the proper amount of face cream evenly after toning