10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112407 18 Chen-LiawA
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Figure 4 MOS enhances IGF-1/PI3K/mTOR pathway activity and reduces apoptosis in model mice In the Model group, protein expression of p-mTOR/mTOR, p-Akt/Akt, p-PI3K/PI3K, Bcl-2, and IGF-1 was significantly reduced, whereas Cleaved Caspase-3 was increased
When classifying BPC-157 as a Category 2 substance meaning it cannot be legally used in compounded medications the agency cited specific issues: the potential for immune reactions when a synthetic peptide is injected, difficulties in verifying the purity and composition of the active ingredient, and insufficient safety data for the routes of administration being used [15]