The renoprotective effects were abolished following antibiotic-induced microbial depletion but were transferable via FMT, confirming a microbiota-dependent mechanism ( Figure 5 ) [96]
For instance, Quaye et al reported that lower GSH and R-GSSG levels in HIV-infected patients enhanced oxidative stress and promoted viral replication
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The bacteriostatic properties help minimize microbial growth, providing an added layer of safety during handling and repeated use
Furthermore, it was shown that iron in compounds such as ferrioxamine B, ferrichrome, ferritin, Imferon, cytochrome c, FePO 4 , and [Fe(OH)3]n was not readily available to N