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Abbreviations 3-NT 3-nitrotyrosine 5-LOX 5-lipoxygenase 7,8-DHF 7,8-dihydroxyflavone 8-OHdG 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine AD Alzheimers disease ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis CAT catalase CNS central nervous system CoQ10 Co-enzyme Q10 COX cyclooxygenase CSF cerebrospinal fluid DMC dimethoxy curcumin EGCG epigallocatechin gallate ETC electron transport chain F2-IsoPS F2-isoprostane fALS familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis GPx Glutathione peroxidase GR Glutathione reductase GSH Reduced glutathione GSK-3 Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta GSSG Glutathione disulfide H 2 O 2 Hydrogen peroxide HD Huntingtons disease HNE 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal IDH2 Isocitrate dehydrogenase IL-18 Interleukin-18 IL-1 Interleukin 1 IL-6 Interleukin-6 IL-8 Interleukin-8 iNOS nitric oxide synthase LDL low-density lipoprotein LMN lower motor neurons LOX lipoxygenase LPS lipopolysaccharide MDA malondialdehyde MPO myeloperoxidase MS multiple sclerosis mtDNA mitochondrial DNA mtROS mitochondrial reactive oxygen species NA nicotinic acid NAD + nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NAM nicotinamide NAMPT nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase NF-kB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NMN nicotinamide mononucleotide NO nitric oxide NO nitroxyl anion NO + nitrosonium cation NO nitric oxide radical NOS nitric oxide synthase NR nicotinamide riboside Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor NRK1 nicotinamide riboside kinase 1 NRK2 nicotinamide riboside kinase 2 NRKs nicotinamide riboside kinases O 2 singlet oxygen O superoxide anion radical OH hydroxyl group OH hydroxyl radical ONOO peroxynitrite anion OS oxidative stress PARPs poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase PD Parkinsons disease PGC-1 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha PNP purine nucleoside phosphorylase PPAR- peroxisome proliferator activator receptor alpha pTau Tau protein PTER Pterostilbene (trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4 hydroxystilbene) PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids Q3BDG Quercetin 3--D-glucoside RCS reactive species of copper RES Resveratrol (3,5,4 -trihydroxy- trans -stilbene) RIS reactive iron species RNA ribonucleic acid RNS reactive nitrogen species RONS reactive oxygen and nitrogen species ROS reactive oxygen species SA spinocerebellar ataxia sALS sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis SIRT sirtuin SIRT1 sirtuin 1 SIRT3 sirtuin 3 SOD superoxide dismutase SOD1 superoxide dismutase 1 SOD2 superoxide dismutase 2 TAS total antioxidant status TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive species TNF- tumor necrosis factor alpha UMN upper motor neurons XO xanthine oxidase