Non-substrate-like inhibitors, which are non-covalent, contain an aromatic motif that fills the S 1 pocket and do not mimic the dipeptide nature of DPP-4 substrates
In vitro , liraglutide dose-dependently downregulates pro-inflammatory mediators such as Mcp-1 and Cd38 in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages, while simultaneously upregulating Erg-2, an M2-specific transcription factor (Yu et al., 2019)
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In this context, L-carnitine has demonstrated interesting anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic properties