Clinical studies show elevated whole blood glutathione stores, enhanced natural killer cell activity, and reduced oxidative stress markers
In the brain, iron deficiency can occur without significant changes in iron levels in peripheral tissues, leading to imbalanced neurotransmitter homeostasis, decreased myelin production, impaired synaptogenesis, and declined function of the basal ganglia (Pivina et al., 2019)
Science 334 , 12781283 (2011)
Antioxidants refer to a whole class of molecules (including certain vitamins, minerals, compounds found in plants, and some compounds formed in the body) that share the same goal of protecting the body and the immune system against oxidative stress
Mitochondria and other metals Mitochondria and copper metabolism As an essential trace element, copper is obtained mainly through the digestion of food, followed by absorption in the intestines, and transport into cells by DMT1 and transmembrane copper transporter 1 (Fig