The following fixed effects were included in the model: condition (placebo and naltrexone), block (six ketamine-infusion blocks) and the interaction between condition and block
Pre trial oral antidiabetes agents were continued as background therapy except for DPP 4 inhibitors or thiazolidinediones in both treatment arms
WADA 2026 Prohibited List Status (Section S0) BPC-157 is named explicitly on the World Anti-Doping Agency 2025 and 2026 Prohibited Lists under section S0 (Non-Approved Substances)
How governing bodies view GLP-1 medications Currently, GLP-1 medications are not considered banned performance-enhancing drugs by any ruling athletic bodies, sports leagues or the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) but WADA announced in 2024 that it was monitoring its usage and how it may, or may not, affect competitive advantages
It is known that ethanol consumption upregulates many of the genes involved in ethanol metabolism, and since GLP-1R agonism reduced ethanol consumption, it was expected that GLP-1R agonism would indirectly reduce expression of these genes 13
