Every calculation in every table below follows this same formula
CXC chemokines, including CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL12, CXCL13, and CXCL16, have been identified with abnormal expression levels in synovial fluids, synovial tissues, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells of RA patients (94, 95)
Then, in a process unique to B12, another protein, R-protein (aka cobalophilin, haptocorrin, and transcobalamin I (1)) picks up the B12 and transports it through the stomach and into the small intestine
Many peptide vials are sealed under vacuum during manufacturing
When delivered nasally, both peptides can bypass digestive breakdown and enter circulation more directly, supporting consistent peptide availability throughout the day