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doi: 10.1007/s12035-017-0852-4 17 HamblinMR

For the electron coupling assays, respiratory substrates (10 mM pyruvate + 2 mM malate, 10 mM succinate + 2 M rotenone, 80 M palmitoyl-carnitine or octanoyl-carnitine + 0.5 mM malate or 10 mM glutamate + 10 mM malate) were diluted in MAS buffer with BSA (70 mM sucrose, 220 mM mannitol, 10 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 5 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM HEPES and 1 mM EGTA, pH 7.2, in 0.2% FA-free BSA) and added to mitochondria

Neurotransmitter production

What this evidence does show: in rat models of acute, surgically induced tendon and ligament injury, BPC-157 administration is associated with improved healing endpoints versus saline controls across the labs that have studied it