The early key events (cAMP signalling, insulin secretion, glucagon modulation) are measurable in cell systems
Dose-response relationship: The principle that risk changes proportionally with exposure amount
For athletes and body-recomp goals, the signal is promising , but evidence-based protocols require human trials to confirm efficacy, safety, and optimal integration with training/nutrition
Additionally, these compounds pose great ecological risks as they commonly enter aquatic ecosystems where they persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms 4
We chose these pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes based on prior studies demonstrating their relevance to AD-related neuroinflammation 21,22,23,24