In the non-parametric Mann Whitney U test, eight biomarkers showed a significant difference, in the DCM-induced animals displaying a significant increase in: TG (SMD 16.60, p = 0.0007), BG (SMD 7.54, p = 0.00001), TC (SMD 7.38, p = 0.009), EF% (SMD -4.13, p = 0.00001), NF-KB (SMD 3.13, p = 0.0001), HMGB1 (SMD 3.00, p = 0.0001), FS% (SMD -2.91, p = 0.00001) and HW/BW ratio (SMD 2.31, p = 0.007)
Note: In February 2026, Novo Nordisk (the manufacturer of Ozempic) announced it had received FDA approval for an oral tablet form of Ozempic as an alternative to Ozempic injections
The activity of AChE is calculated by measuring the increasing rate of absorbance at 412 nm
These ingredients help inhibit melanin production, the pigment responsible for dark spots and uneven skin tone
In Tlr4 -deficient mice, ATIs no longer induce inflammation, further confirming this pathway (178)