Aldosterone Effects Acts on distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidney Increases sodium and water reabsorption Promotes potassium excretion Net effect: increases blood volume and blood pressure Feedback Regulation High blood pressure / high sodium decreases renin release Low blood pressure / low sodium increases renin release Clinical Significance Hypertension overactive RAAS contributes to high BP Heart failure compensatory RAAS activation can worsen fluid overload Kidney disease RAAS blockers protect renal function Drugs targeting RAAS: ACE inhibitors (e.g., enalapril, lisinopril) Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) (e.g., losartan) Direct renin inhibitors (e.g., aliskiren) Aldosterone antagonists (e.g., spironolactone, eplerenone) Summary 1
Helps repair damaged DNA, slowing down the aging process and promoting longevity
The FDA-approved labeling for exenatide notes that co-administration increased INR in some post-marketing reports, though a dedicated pharmacokinetic study showed no change in warfarin AUC [9]
Forced Swimming Test Depression is evaluated using the forced swimming test
Tang B, Wang Q, Zhang G, Zhang A, Zhu L, Zhao R, et al
