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Journal of Cellular Physiology, 2010

Duntas, L

High solubility allows HA to bind with drug molecules, forming stable solutions or gels that help the drug diffuse and absorb better in the body, thus increasing bioavailability

Abbreviations A: Amyloid-beta AD: Alzheimers disease AF: Atrial fibrillation AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase ATP: Adenosine triphosphate BBB: Bloodbrain barrier CAD: Coronary artery disease CAA: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy CVDs: Cardiovascular diseases DMF: Dimethyl fumarate ETC: Electron transport chain HF: Heart failure IMM: Inner mitochondrial membrane IMS: Intermembrane space IR: Insulin resistance I/R: Ischemiareperfusion LVH: Left ventricular hypertrophy MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MitoQ: Mitochondria-targeted coenzyme Q10 mPTP: Mitochondrial permeability transition pore mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin mtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NO: Nitric oxide Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 OMM: Outer mitochondrial membrane OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation PGC-1: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha ROS: Reactive oxygen species SGLT2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 SOD2: Superoxide dismutase 2 TGF-: Transforming growth factor-beta T2D: Type 2 diabetes ULK1: Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 VaD: Vascular dementia VCI: Vascular cognitive impairment VSMCs: Vascular smooth muscle cells eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase References Zhu XY, Shi MQ, Jiang ZM, et al

Heres a closer look at what the GHK copper peptide actually is, why skin biology researchers keep studying it, and what the current science says about its role in collagen-related research