Hughes, E., Wallender, E., Mohamed Ali, A., Jagannathan, P
10.1016/j.arr.2023.101936 46 WanX.GargN
Factors favouring transdermal absorption are high lipid solubility and a good regional blood supply to the site of application (therefore, the thorax and abdomen are preferred to limbs)
Mechanistically, GHK-Cu appears to act through several pathways: Collagen and elastin remodeling: Gene array work by Finkley et al., reported in the second edition of Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics (Taylor and Francis, 2005), examined GHK-Cu effects on human fibroblast cultures across a nanomolar to low micromolar concentration range and found upregulation of decorin, collagen, and elastin-associated genes
In sophisticated body composition protocols, AOD-9604 is often coupled with combinations like CJC-129 such as ipamorelin, MOTS-c, or BPC-157