Common causes include: Pernicious anemia, an autoimmune disorder hindering Vitamin B12 absorption Gastrointestinal surgeries, like gastrectomy, impact Vitamin B12 uptake Long-term use of certain medications, such as metformin or proton pump inhibitors Diets lacking in Vitamin B12, often seen in vegans and vegetarians For those without a deficiency, Vitamin B12 injections are not typically recommended, as their body can naturally regulate and excrete excess amounts of the vitamin
Research found no evidence of tolerance development, receptor desensitization, or accumulating side effects over the study periods
Clinicians may monitor complete blood counts, vitamin B12 levels, methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, potassium, or other markers depending on the situation
(PubMed) Mischoulon D, Fava M
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