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While apoptosis has traditionally been the focus of PCD, emerging forms such as ferroptosis, cuproptosis, and pyroptosis have garnered increasing attention in the context of cancer [141, 142]

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Chemical solvents and heavy metals can harm liver health, especially with prolonged occupational exposure in industries like healthcare, farming, and dry cleaning.50 Substances like trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, toluene, and heavy metals like mercury and cadmium can cause liver damage, including hepatitis, steatosis, and fibrosis 51 52 53

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