Put another way, your cells are not designed to readily absorb the full glutathione molecule from the extracellular environment
doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114550 87
The accumulation of mitochondrial ROS not only impairs ATP production, which is essential for sperm motility but also damages mitochondrial DNA, which lacks the robust repair mechanisms present in nuclear DNA
"The growth hormone/IGF-1 axis is an attractive target for preserving muscle mass in cirrhosis, but the liver's dual role as both a GH effector organ and a metabolic clearance site means that any GH-axis intervention must account for the degree of hepatocellular dysfunction," according to the Endocrine Society's position statement on GH in chronic illness (Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline, 2011)
In endothelial cells, we observed that SMG exerted several detrimental effects, including elevated ROS production, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, oxidative DNA damage that triggered apoptotic pathways, as well as the upregulation of angiogenic and oxidative stress genes, such as VEGFA, HIF-1, eNOS, and iNOS