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By increasing the availability of cysteine, NAC helps boost the body's ability to synthesize glutathione, enhancing antioxidant defenses

GHK-Cu has a low molecular weight, allowing it to penetrate the stratum corneum and exert its effects directly on dermal and follicular cells

Moreover, Parkin plays a role in regulating microglial and astrocyte activation (151, 152), processes that are deeply intertwined with neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, both of which can influence ferroptosis susceptibility in PD

Several studies show NAC can improve liver enzyme levels and reduce oxidative damage, especially in people exposed to pollutants, alcohol, or medication-related stress

In addition, cytochrome c has a hydrophobic channel through which one of the four-acyl chains of cardiolipin inserts