10.1126/science.1083516 Science 107 KudvaA
Our objective is to present the pharmacological mechanisms, safety profiles, and regulatory status of prominent approved and unapproved peptides marketed direct to patients, including AOD-9604 (anti-obesity drug 9604), BPC-157 (body protection compound 157), CJC-1295, FS-344 (follistatin-344), GHK-Cu (glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine copper), ipamorelin, MOTS-C (mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c), sermorelin, SS-31 (elamipretide), tesamorelin (Egrifta), T4 (thymosin beta-4), and TB-500 (thymosin beta-4 fragment)
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Deamidation changes asparagine and glutamine residues, altering the molecule charge and function
In MDD, this peripheral-central coupling is likely amplified by BBB dysfunction characterized by increased permeability, neurovascular inflammation, and associations with symptom severity [172, 173] thereby lowering the threshold at which peripheral KP activation translates into central glutamatergic, oxidative, and neuroimmune dysregulation
