INTRODUCTION Melasma is an acquired, chronic, and recurrent form of hypermelanosis, which is characterized by symmetrical brown macules and patches of variable darkness on sun exposed areas of the body, typically occurring on the face (lower cheeks, forehead, nose, and upper lip).[] Though the pathogenesis of melasma is unclear, factors such as genetic makeup, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, pregnancy, and hormonal therapy are known to influence the development of melasma
For instance, spatial transcriptomics has been employed to map gene expression patterns associated with depression, further exploring the spatial distribution of these genes within various cell types [310]
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Over time, this leads to a brighter, more radiant complexion with reduced pigmentation
Metabotropic glutamate receptors Glutamate activates mGluRs after synaptic release, which are widely expressed in the peripheral and central nervous systems (CNS) and play multiple neuroregulatory roles [25,26,27,28]
