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Covariates: sex, age, DM, CVD, FTND score, pack-year history, success smoking cessation during the 3rd month, varenicline use, body weight percent difference, total number of outpatient clinic visits, use of anti-hypertensive medication

Some plastic surgeons do perform nicotine tests before surgery, especially for high-risk procedures

The researchers then noted whether each smoker or vaper exhaled through their nose, mouth, or both

Keep reading to learn more about the research findings, when to see an ENT specialist for your sinus problems, and how you can potentially treat them

Warfield, MD, a board-certified emergency medicine physician