In mice, a GLP-1/dexamethasone conjugate circumvented action in the liver and skeletal system to avoid the deleterious effects on glycemic control and bone turnover, respectively, that is evident with systemic dexamethasone action [820]
are associated with healthy SCFA production and metabolic signaling, though many other microbes also contribute (Everard et al., 2013
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Expression in osteoblasts
this difference may result from a ~5x stronger effect produced by GLP-1 analogs, compared to DPP-4 inhibitors (Charbonnel & Cariou, 2011) No change in weight Contraindications: type I diabetes (these patients lack pancreatic beta cells) diabetic ketoacidosis (it would not be effective for treating this condition) an association between DPP-4 inhibitors and heart failure has been observed for two members of this drug class in patients with type 2 DM and atherosclerosis