The antioxidant potential in these models is assessed using numerous biochemical markers, including MDA, CAT, superoxide dismutase (SOD), GSH, GPx, glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), xanthine oxidase (XOD), peroxidase (Px), and others such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), -glutamyl transpeptidase (-GT), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), protein carbonylation (PC), TAC, ORAC, and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), among others, providing comprehensive insights into oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms (Martins et al., 2016)
When cells are stressed or deprived of nutrients, mitochondria release MOTS-c
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