Conversely, M2 macrophages, induced by IL-4, IL-13, and other factors such as IL-10, transforming growth factor 1 (TGF-1), and glucocorticoids, promote renal fibrosis through various pathways, including profibrotic growth factor production and activation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts (61)
Therefore, strictly controlled differentiation is necessary before in vivo cell transplantation, especially when astrocytes derived from iPSCs, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced iPSCs, are used as cellular sources
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Mukerjee S, MahadikSP, Scheffer R, Correnti EE, Kelkar H
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